Tom qab ob - lub hlis ib ntus, tus neeg siv khoom qub no tau xaj lwm qhov, lub sijhawm no nrog lub hom phiaj hloov mus rau Indonesia. Ua ntej lees paub qhov kev yuav khoom, nws tau tshawb xyuas cov khoom muag tam sim no nrog kuv kom ntseeg tau qhov tseeb. Tom qab paub meej tias txhua yam yog lawm, nws thaum kawg tau xaj 10 lub thawv ntawm cov khoom peptide. Qhov kev txiav txim no suav nrog ntau pawg, suav nrogMOTS-C, Selank, NAD+, thiab lwm yam khoom siv peptide. Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov txheej txheem kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg siv khoom tau pom tseeb, thiab nws kuj tau lees paub meej txog hom thiab ntau ntawm cov khoom. Qhov no yog ib txwm ua lag luam nce qib. Piv nrog rau qhov kev yuav khoom dhau los, lub sijhawm no qhov kev xav tau nthuav qhia thiab cov lus pom zoo ntawm cov khoom lag luam tau nthuav dav ntxiv, ua rau tus neeg siv khoom ceev faj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev tswj cov txheej txheem. Tam sim no, qhov kev txiav txim tau raug npaj raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau. Tom qab ntawd, txoj kev npaj thauj mus los raws li cov cai xa tawm yuav raug npaj kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab xa khoom raws sijhawm rau Indonesia.
MOTS-C: Ib Lub Hnub Qub Tshiab ntawm Mitochondria-Tshaj Tawm Metabolic Regulation thiab Anti-Kev Laus
MOTS-c yog luv peptide encoded los ntawm mitochondrial genome, muaj 16 amino acids thiab teej tug mus rau Mitochondria-Derived Peptides (MDPs) tsev neeg. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, nrog rau hauv - kev kawm tob ntawm mitochondrial zog thiab lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kab mob, MOTS-c tau maj mam dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Nws tsis tsuas yog nthuav tawm cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv cov metabolism hauv lub zog thiab kev tswj hwm cov tshuaj insulin, tab sis kuj qhia tau zoo heev hauv kev tiv thaiv - laus thiab tiv thaiv - qog nqaij hlav.
Transmitters ntawm mitochondrial signals
Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm MOTS-c tau thim rov qab qhov kev pom ib txwm muaj uas mitochondria tsuas yog muaj nyob ua "lub zog fais fab" ntawm cov hlwb. Qhov tseeb, mitochondria kuj koom nrog hauv kev sib kis ntawm cov teeb liab los ntawm kev nkag mus thiab tso tawm cov peptides luv luv, xws li MOTS-c, Humanin, thiab SHLP1-6, tswj cov cellular metabolism, kev ntxhov siab, thiab kev ua neej nyob. Raws li ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lawv, cov noob encoding MOTS-c nyob rau hauv lub qhib kev nyeem ntawv ncej ntawm mitochondrial 12S rRNA, thiab tom qab synthesis, nws tso tawm rau hauv lub cytoplasm thiab cuam tshuam cov cellular zog los ntawm ntau yam mechanisms.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic
MOTS-c ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub zog metabolism. Nws tuaj yeem qhib AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog ntawm lub cev. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm AMPK txhawb nqa cov piam thaj thiab fatty acid oxidation, txhim kho lub cell rhiab heev rau insulin, yog li txhim kho insulin tsis kam thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm hom 2 mob ntshav qab zib. Tsis tas li ntawd, MOTS-c kuj nce qib ntawm AICAR los ntawm inhibiting lub voj voog folate thiab purine de novo synthesis, ntxiv rau AMPK, ua kom muaj kev tawm tswv yim zoo los tswj cov metabolic homeostasis.
Tus tub txib ntawm kev tiv thaiv- kev laus thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm tes
Kev laus muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cellular metabolic ntshawv siab, oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab inflammatory teb. MOTS-c tswj cov kev qhia ntawm cov enzymes antioxidant, xws li superoxide dismutase (SOD) thiab glutathione peroxidase (GPx), kom tshem tawm cov pa oxygen reactive (ROS), txo cov oxidative puas tsuaj, thiab tiv thaiv cov hlwb los ntawm kev laus- cuam tshuam txog kev puas tsuaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, MOTS-c tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov kev qhia ntawm pro- cov kab mob inflammatory, xws li TNF- thiab IL-6, txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv -inflammatory factor IL-10, tswj cov inflammatory teb, thiab ncua kev laus. Hauv cov qauv tsiaj, kev ntxiv ntawm MOTS-c tuaj yeem ua rau lub neej ntev thiab txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv, qhia nws lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv kev laus lub hom phiaj.
Kev Cia Siab Tshiab rau Kev Tiv Thaiv -Tumor Treatment
Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau qhia tias MOTS-c kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob qog. Hauv cov qog nqaij hlav malignant xws li qog noj ntshav ntawm zes qe menyuam, theem qhia ntawm MOTS-c tau txo qis, thiab nws cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg mob tsis zoo. Exogenous supplementation ntawm MOTS-c tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev loj hlob, kev tsiv teb tsaws thiab cuam tshuam ntawm cov qog hlwb, ua rau lub voj voog ntawm tes raug ntes thiab apoptosis. Mechanistically, MOTS-c cuam tshuam nrog LARS1 protein los txhawb nws cov ubiquitination thiab proteasome degradation, tsis muaj zog USP7-kho deubiquitination ntawm LARS1, thiab yog li inhibit qog hlav. Ntxiv mus, MOTS-c yog tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau lub cev ib txwm muaj thiab qhia tau hais tias muaj kev nyab xeeb zoo, muab lub tswv yim tshiab rau kev kho mob qog noj ntshav.
Clinical application prospects
Txawm hais tias kev tshawb fawb ntawm MOTS-c tseem nyob rau hauv nws cov me nyuam mos, nws cov kev ua haujlwm lom neeg tshwj xeeb thiab kev ua haujlwm dav dav ua rau nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob metabolic, kev laus - kab mob, thiab kev kho mob qog noj ntshav. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nrog rau hauv - nkag siab tob txog cov txheej txheem ntawm MOTS-c qhov kev txiav txim thiab kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb preclinical, MOTS-c xav tias yuav dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho cov tshuaj tshiab, pab txhawb kev txhim kho tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab txuas ntxiv ntawm lub neej.
Selank: Lub Hnub Qub Tshiab ntawm Neuropeptides rau Kev Tiv Thaiv -Kev ntxhov siab thiab kev txawj ntse
Selank yog ib qho hluavtaws heptapeptide muaj li ntawm threonine, lysine, proline, arginine, proline, glycine thiab proline. Nws cov qauv tsim tau tshwm sim los ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob peptide Tuftsin hauv tib neeg lub cev. Selank tsis tsuas yog muaj kev tiv thaiv tseem ceeb -txoj kev ntxhov siab, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco, kev kawm thiab lub siab lub ntsws, nrog rau qee qhov kev mob tshwm sim thiab tsis tshua muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev vam khom. Nws tau dhau los ua qhov kev tshawb fawb hotspot hauv thaj tsam ntawm neuropharmacology.
Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Cov Mechanisms of Anti-Kev ntxhov siab
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv -txoj kev ntxhov siab ntawm Selank yog ua tiav los ntawm kev tswj hwm -aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. GABA yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws inhibitory neurotransmitter hauv lub hlwb. Los ntawm kev khi rau GABA-A receptor, nws txo cov excitability ntawm neurons thiab ua rau sedative nyhuv. Selank tuaj yeem txhim kho cov synthesis ntawm GABA, inhibit nws decomposition, thiab zoo tswj lub subunit qhia ntawm GABA-A receptor, yog li ntxiv dag zog rau GABAergic inhibitory neural kis tau tus mob thiab calming overexcited central neurons, alleviating ntxhov siab vim. Tsis zoo li cov tshuaj benzodiazepine ib txwm siv, Selank tsis khi rau benzodiazepine khi qhov chaw ntawm GABA-A receptor, yog li nws tsis ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab, tsaug zog, cov leeg so, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov ntau- lub hom phiaj cuam tshuam ntawm kev paub txog kev txawj ntse
Ntxiv nrog rau nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv -txoj kev ntxhov siab, Selank tuaj yeem txhim kho kev txawj ntse, suav nrog kev kawm, nco thiab saib xyuas. Cov nyhuv no yog ze ze rau nws cov kev cai ntawm ntau yam neurotransmitter systems. Selank tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib txuas thiab tso tawm ntawm serotonin (5-HT) nyob rau hauv prefrontal cortex thiab hippocampus, zoo tswj cov lus qhia ntawm 5-HT1A receptors, txhim kho kev xav kev muaj peev xwm, thiab txo qis kev ntxhov siab thiab ntxhov siab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Selank tuaj yeem nce qib dopamine, ua kom zoo dua qhov kev qhia ntawm dopamine D2 receptors, txhim kho kev mloog, kev ua haujlwm, thiab txo qis kev ntxhov siab txog kev tsis txaus siab thiab tsis muaj npe. Tsis tas li ntawd, Selank txoj kev sib npaug ntawm cov txheej txheem noradrenergic kuj pab txo qis kev ntxhov siab ntsig txog palpitations, tawm hws ntau dhau thiab ceev faj heev.
Neuroprotection thiab Txhawb Neural Plasticity
Cov nyhuv neuroprotective ntawm Selank yog tshwm sim ntawm ntau theem. Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev qhia ntawm lub hlwb - tau txais txiaj ntsig neurotrophic (BDNF) thiab cov paj hlwb loj hlob (NGF) hauv hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex, txhawb kev loj hlob, ciaj sia taus thiab kho cov neurons, thiab txhim kho neural plasticity. BDNF thiab NGF yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho neuronal thiab muaj sia nyob. Kev nce hauv lawv cov lus qhia pab tsim cov kev sib txuas tshiab synaptic, txhim kho kev txawj ntse xws li kev kawm, nco thiab saib xyuas. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Selank tuaj yeem cuam tshuam neuronal apoptosis, qhib PI3K / Akt ciaj sia taus- txhawb txoj hauv kev, txhim kho cov kev qhia ntawm anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, thiab txo qis kev qhia ntawm pro-apoptotic proteins Bax thiab Caspase-3, thaiv cov kev ntxhov siab los ntawm cov kab mob apoptotic thiab oxidative kev nyuaj siab. kev nyuaj siab, thim rov qab hippocampal atrophy thiab kev txawj ntse poob cuam tshuam nrog kev ntxhov siab.
Qhov tshwj xeeb zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob
Lub immunomodulatory muaj nuj nqi ntawm Selank yog nws tshwj xeeb feature uas distinguishes nws los ntawm cov tshuaj psychotropic tsoos tshuaj. Nws tuaj yeem tswj hwm ob qho tib si hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, txhim kho phagocytic kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, inhibit kev ua kom ntau dhau, txo qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov pro-inflammatory yam, sib npaug pro-inflammatory / anti- cov lus teb inflammatory, thiab tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntau dhau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Selank tseem tuaj yeem tswj hwm kev loj hlob thiab kev sib txawv ntawm T lymphocytes thiab B lymphocytes, sib npaug ntawm Th1 / Th2 / Th17 cell subsets, inhibit autoimmune ntau dhau, txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev, thiab muaj kev tswj hwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob ua xua, kab mob autoimmune, thiab cov kab mob tshwm sim.
Clinical application prospects
Selank, raws li ntau yam - lub hom phiaj thiab ntau - txoj hauv kev sib koom ua ke neuro- tiv thaiv kab mob dual - tswj peptide, ua kom pom qhov muaj peev xwm zoo hauv kev tiv thaiv- ntxhov siab, kev txawj ntse, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Txawm hais tias daim ntawv thov kev kho mob ntawm Selank tseem nyob rau theem kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, nws txoj kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ua tau zoo tau raug txheeb xyuas hauv kev sim tsiaj thiab kev sim ua ntej. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nrog rau hauv - tsom xam qhov tob ntawm Selank cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua thiab kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam, Selank xav tias yuav dhau los ua ib hom tshuaj tshiab rau kev kho mob kev ntxhov siab, kev xav tsis zoo, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob -cov kab mob, pab txhawb kev txhim kho ntawm tib neeg lub hlwb thiab txhim kho lub neej zoo.
NAD+ : Lub Zog Txiaj Ntsig ntawm Lub Neej Kev Ua Si thiab Tus yuam sij rau Kev Tiv Thaiv -Kev laus
NAD + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) yog ib qho tseem ceeb coenzyme uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob, koom nrog ntau txhiab tus txheej txheem physiological hauv cov hlwb, suav nrog lub zog metabolism, kho DNA, hloov cov teeb liab, thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm noob caj noob ces. Raws li cov tib neeg muaj hnub nyoog, qib ntawm NAD + maj mam txo qis, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev laus ntawm tes thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau yam kab mob. Yog li, kev tswj hwm qib txaus ntawm NAD + yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ncua kev laus, tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub zog metabolism
NAD + yog ib qho tseem ceeb coenzyme nyob rau hauv intracellular zog metabolism, koom nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem xws li glycolysis, lub tricarboxylic acid voj voog, thiab oxidative phosphorylation, pab hloov cov tshuaj zog nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov rau hauv lub zog uas hlwb siv tau (ATP). Hauv mitochondria, NAD + ua raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, txais cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm glycolysis thiab lub voj voog tricarboxylic acid, tsim NADH, thiab tom qab ntawd dhau cov electrons mus rau cov saw hlau thauj hluav taws xob los tsav ATP synthesis. Cov txheej txheem no yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev tsim hluav taws xob ntawm tes thiab tseem ceeb heev rau kev tswj xyuas cov haujlwm ntawm tes thiab cov haujlwm hauv lub neej. Yog tias qib ntawm NAD + tsis txaus, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lub zog tsim txo qis, uas ua rau qaug zog, qeeb metabolism, thiab lwm yam teeb meem.
Tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm DNA kho thiab genetic stability
DNA puas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ua rau kev laus thiab tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob. NAD + yog tib lub substrate ntawm DNA kho enzyme PARP (poly(ADP-} ribose) polymerase), thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kho DNA puas. Thaum DNA puas lawm, PARP tau qhib thiab siv NAD + los ua ke poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), nrhiav cov proteins kho kom tiav DNA puas kho. Tsis tas li ntawd, NAD + tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob xws li mob qog noj ntshav los ntawm kev ua kom cov tsev neeg muaj protein ntau ntawm Sirtuin, kho cov qauv chromatin, tswj kev ruaj ntseg genomic, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev hloov caj ces, thiab ua kom ntev telomere ntev thiab txhim kho qia cell muaj nuj nqi.
Cov yam tseem ceeb tswj kev laus thiab kev ua neej ntev
Qib ntawm NAD + txo qis nrog hnub nyoog, thiab suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev laus ntawm tes. Los ntawm activating Sirtuin proteins, NAD + tuaj yeem tswj cov noob qhia, inhibit cell aging thiab apoptosis, thiab txuas ntxiv kev noj qab haus huv lifespan. Hauv cov qauv tsiaj, kev ntxiv ntawm NAD + tuaj yeem ua rau lub neej ntev, txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv, qhia nws lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv - lub hom phiaj tiv thaiv kev laus. Piv txwv li, supplementation ntawm NAD + precursors xws li NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) thiab NR (nicotinamide riboside) tuaj yeem nce qib NAD +, qhib Sirtuin proteins, txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv, thiab ncua kev laus.
Tus neeg saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub plawv
NAD + ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob plawv. Nws tuaj yeem txhawb kev kho thiab rov tsim dua tshiab ntawm lub plawv hlwb, txhim kho lub plawv ua haujlwm, thiab txo cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob plawv xws li plawv tsis ua haujlwm thiab atherosclerosis. NAD + tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm vascular endothelial hlwb, txo oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab inflammatory teb, tswj vascular elasticity, thiab txhawb cov ntshav ncig, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov hlab plawv system. Tsis tas li ntawd, NAD+ tuaj yeem txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - qog thiab tiv thaiv - kis kab mob ntawm cov kab mob tua neeg (NK hlwb), txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev, thiab pab tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kab mob.
Cov neeg txhawb nqa lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm
NAD + yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ciaj sia, rov tsim dua tshiab thiab synaptic plasticity ntawm neurons. Nws koom nrog cov synthesis thiab metabolism ntawm neurotransmitters, txhim kho lub zog metabolism hauv lub hlwb, tiv thaiv neurons los ntawm oxidative puas thiab degeneration, pab tiv thaiv cov kab mob neurodegenerative xws li Alzheimer's kab mob thiab Parkinson's kab mob, thiab txhim khu kev nco, concentration thiab kev txawj ntse muaj nuj nqi. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau qhia tias NAD + tuaj yeem siv cov teebmeem neuroprotective los ntawm kev tswj hwm RNA splicing txheej txheem ntawm EVA1C noob, thim rov qab nco tsis tau thiab cov kab mob neurodegenerative hauv Alzheimer's kab mob, thiab muab cov tswv yim tshiab rau kev kho mob ntawm cov kab mob neurodegenerative.
Assistant rau Metabolic Regulation and Weight Management
NAD + tswj cov roj metabolism, gluconeogenesis thiab insulin rhiab heev los ntawm kev ua kom cov proteins Sirtuin, pab tswj cov ntshav qab zib thiab lipid homeostasis. Nws txhawb kev rog rog thiab oxidation, txo cov rog rog, thiab ua lub luag haujlwm zoo hauv kev tiv thaiv cov kab mob metabolic xws li ntshav qab zib thiab rog. Hauv cov qauv tsiaj, kev ntxiv ntawm NAD + tuaj yeem txhim kho cov tshuaj insulin, txo cov ntshav qab zib kom tsawg, thiab txo qhov hnyav, qhia nws lub peev xwm los ua lub hom phiaj kho mob rau cov kab mob metabolic.
Clinical Application Prospects thiab Challenges
Txawm hais tias NAD + qhia tau hais tias muaj peev xwm loj hauv kev ncua kev laus, tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv, nws daim ntawv thov kev kho mob tseem ntsib ntau yam teeb meem. Tam sim no, kev ntxiv ntawm NAD + yog ua tiav los ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj ntawm NAD + precursors xws li NMN thiab NR, tab sis bioavailability thiab conversion efficiency ntawm cov precursors tseem yuav tsum tau txhim kho ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm qhov ntev - lub sij hawm ntxiv ntawm NAD + precursors kuj xav tau kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam ntau ntxiv los txheeb xyuas. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nrog rau hauv - tsom xam qhov tob ntawm NAD + txoj hauv kev metabolic thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua, nrog rau kev txhim kho NAD + tshiab, NAD + xav tias yuav dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ncua kev laus, tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv, pab txhawb rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.
